Everything about Philadelphia Academy Of Natural Sciences totally explained
The Academy of Natural Sciences is the oldest
natural science research institution and museum in the United States. It was founded in 1812 by many of the leading naturalists of the young republic with its expressed mission of "the encouragement and cultivation of the sciences." For over nearly two centuries of continuous operations, the Academy has sponsored expeditions, conducted original environmental and systematics research, and amassed
natural history collections containing more than 17 million specimens. The Academy also has a long tradition of public exhibits and educational programs for both schools and the general public.
Brief History
During the first decades of the United States,
Philadelphia was the cultural capital and one of the country's commercial centers. Two of the city's institutions, the
Library Company and the
American Philosophical Society, were centers of enlightened thought and scientific inquiry. Yet, the increasing sophistication of the earth and life sciences combined with a growing awareness of the great variety of life and landscape in the American wilderness waiting to be discovered merited the establishment of an institution dedicated to the natural sciences.
In response, a small group of naturalists established the Academy of Natural Sciences in the winter of 1812. Such an academy would foster a gathering of fellow naturalists, but it would also nurture the growth and credibility of American science. Although they frequently looked to their European counterparts for inspiration and expertise, they longed to be regarded as equals. Besides, the Nature to be studied was American, not British nor French.
Within a decade of its founding, the Academy became the undisputed center of natural sciences in the United States. Academy members were frequently enlisted to participate in national surveys of the western territories and other major expeditions. Several of its earliest members, including
William Bartram, John Godman,
Richard Harlan,
Charles Alexandre Lesueur, William McClure,
Titian Peale,
Charles Pickering,
Thomas Say, and
Alexander Wilson were among the pioneers or recognized authorities in their respective areas of study.
Thomas Jefferson of Virginia,
John Edwards Holbrook of South Carolina,
Thomas Nuttall and
Richard Owen of the United Kingdom,
Georges Cuvier of France, and
Alexander von Humboldt of Prussia were among the corresponding members (members who lived far from Philadelphia) of the Academy's first decades.
Later during the 19th century, other notable naturalists and scientists, including
John James Audubon, Charles S. Boyer,
John Cassin,
Edward Drinker Cope,
Ezra Townsend Cresson,
Richard Harlan,
Ferdinand V. Hayden,
Isaac Lea,
John Lawrence LeConte,
Joseph Leidy, Samuel Morton,
George Ord, and James Rehn were also members. Corresponding members included such luminaries as
Charles Darwin,
Asa Gray, and
Thomas Henry Huxley. Notable 20th century scientists include James Böhlke,
James Bond,
Henry Weed Fowler,
Ruth Patrick,
Henry Pilsbry, and
Witmer Stone.
Collections and Research
Collections are the hallmark of museums and those at The Academy of Natural Sciences are among the more important of their kind. The size and scope of its collections have grown substantially since the early years. Currently, there are over 17 million biological specimens, and hundreds of thousands of volumes, journals, illustrations, photographs, and archival items in its library. These collections grew through a combination of means, including the donation or purchase of existing collections or individual items, the collection activities of Academy-sponsored expeditions, or those of individual scientists, whether or not they work at the Academy. Sometimes the Academy is also enlisted to house and care for collections originally gathered by other institutions. For example, a number of the natural history collections at the American Philosophical Society were relocated to the Academy by the end of the 19th century.
But these collections aren't maintained just to collect dust. They provide a library of
biodiversity. Traditionally, researchers at natural science (or natural history) institutions such as the Academy engaged in
biological taxonomy, the science of discovering, describing, naming, and classifying species: in essence, the cataloging of Nature. In recent decades, research has shifted in emphasis to the science of
systematics, the study of the evolutionary relationships among these species.
Either way, the collections are invaluable. They provide the
type specimens, the reference material that helps establish a species' identity. They also provide raw materials with which scientists can investigate the nature of these species, their relationships with other species, their evolutionary history, or even their conservation status. New questions and new technology illustrate the importance of these collections.
Titian Peale (1799-1885) may not have been interested in the conservation biology of the butterflies he collected while
Henry Pilsbry (1862-1957) probably didn't consider comparing the DNA of his snails. Yet, modern scientists have such options because these specimens are part of the collections.
Biological Systematics
The most common science currently conducted in natural history museums is
biological systematics. It's also the science with which current natural history collections are most intimately associated. The Academy's collections and systematics research are presented below.
Botany
Botany collections at the Academy, which are housed in the Philadelphia
Herbarium (PH), include some of the oldest and most important botanical collections in the Americas. Notable early collectors include
Benjamin Smith Barton,
Constatine Rafinesque,
Thomas Meehan,
Thomas Nuttall, and
Fredrick Pursh. The herbarium contains approximately 1.5 million specimens of
vascular plants,
fungi,
lichens,
algae, and
fossil plants. It also contains some special collections, including the plants collected by
Johann and
Georg Forster during the voyages of
Captain James Cook, and by
Meriwether Lewis during the
Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery).
Diatoms
The Academy's
Diatom Herbarium, the largest in the Americas and the second largest in the world, contains approximately 220,000 slides of these microscopic algae. The herbarium contains many specimens contributed by notable collectors, a diversity of fossil diatoms, and diatoms collected as part of numerous freshwater environmental surveys in the United States. The Diatom Herbarium also provides collections and taxonomic services for the
Phycology Section of the Patrick Center for Environmental Research. Former curators of note include Charles S. Boyer,
Ruth Patrick, and Charles Reimer.
Entomology
Entomology has been important to the Academy since its founding. Two of its earliest members include
Thomas Say, regarded as the "father" of American entomology, and
Titian Peale, a leading natural history illustrator and the chief naturalist on the
United States Exploring Expedition (1834-1842). The entomology collection currently contains more than 3.5 million specimens and includes the remarkable Titian Peale Moth and Butterfly Collection, the oldest entomology collection in the United States. Senior curator Daniel Otte, an expert on
Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, and their relatives) is a pioneer of presenting biological data on the internet through the creation of the
Orthopera Species File
. Another curator, Jon Gelhaus, an expert on
crane flies, manages the
Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey.
Ichthyology
Ichthyology has also been a part of Academy collections and research since its beginnings, but the size of the collection was relatively modest until acquisition of
Edward Drinker Cope's personal collections in 1898. A few years later,
Henry Weed Fowler began his remarkable tenure at the Academy, during which he systematized the collections and described 1,408 species. James E. Böhlke, William Saul, and William Smith-Vaniz are among the notable scientist who followed Fowler. The current curator, John Lundberg, an expert in
catfishes, pioneered deep channel collecting in large tropical rivers and is the lead author of a seminal scientific paper on the biological and
geographic history of the
Amazon River Basin. The Ichthyology collection, which currently houses nearly 1.2 million specimens and nearly 3,000 types, is one of the most important such collections in the United States. The department also hosts the
All Catfish Species Inventory (a comprehensive online resource on catfish) and
Catfish Bones (an online digital atlas of catfish morphology), and is a participant in
Neodat II (an online resource of
Neotropic ichthyology collections).
Malacology
Two of the early members of the Academy,
Thomas Say and
Isaac Lea, were
malacologists (see also
conchologists).
R. Tucker Abbott, Samuel S. Haldemann,
Henry A. Pilsbry, and George W. Tryon, Jr. were other noted malacologists who worked at the Academy. The Academy's malacology collection is the oldest such collection in the United States and one of the largest in the world. It currently contains over 10 million specimens, including types erected by more than 400 authors. Curator Gary Rosenberg, an expert on Jamaican land snails, is a leader in moving museum collections and research data online. Research websites include the
Malacology Georeferencing Project an online database of
Atlantic Marine Mollusca (Malacolog), and the
OBIS Indo-Pacific Mollusc database. Daniel L. Graf, an expert on
Unionidae (freshwater mussels), maintains the
MUSSEL Project web site.
Ornithology
Just about any ornithologist active in the United States during the first half of the 19th century, including
John James Audubon,
William Bartram,
Charles Lucien Bonaparte,
John Cassin,
Thomas Nuttall,
George Ord,
John Kirk Townsend, and
Alexander Wilson (the "father" of American
ornithology), either operated out of or worked closely with The Academy of Natural Sciences. Later notable Academy ornithologists include
James Bond,
Frank Gill,
Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee, Pete Myers, Fred Sheldon, and
Witmer Stone. With more that 200,000 specimens representing over 7,000 species, the Ornithology collection is one of the larges and most taxonomically complete bird collections in the world.
Vertebrate Paleontology
Vertebrate paleontology in the United States originated in Philadelphia through the efforts of naturalists and scientists associated with the
American Philosophical Society (APS) during the first decade of the 19th century and at The Academy of Natural Sciences thereafter. By the end of the 19th century, the holdings from the APS, including the
Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection, had been transferred to the Academy for safekeeping. Currently, the collection contains more than 22,000 specimens, including many types.
Richard Harlan was an early member who introduced many American naturalists to the groundbreaking works of
Georges Cuvier.
Joseph Leidy, who described
Hadrosaurus and alerted the scientific world to the paleontological treasures of the American West, is considered the "father" of American vertebrate paleontology.
Edward Drinker Cope, who also worked extensively on other vertebrates, is best known for his rivalry with
Othniel Charles Marsh during the infamous
Bone Wars. Curator Edward B. Daeschler is currently studying the evolution of
Devonian tetrapods. He is a co-discoverer of the transitional "fishapod"
Tiktaalik rosea from the Canadian Arctic and the discoverer of two tetrapods,
Hynerpeton and
Densignathus from the
Catskill Formation in Pennsylvania.
Other Collections
The Academy houses several other major collections that, while relatively small in size, are historically and scientifically important. The general
invertebrate collection contains approximately 18,000 lots, while the
invertebrate paleontology collection contains approximately 105,000 lots. Both contain numerous type specimens. The Frank J. Myers Rotifer Collection is the most comprehensive collection of
rotifers on microslides. The
herpetology collection contains approximately 40,000 specimens, including more than 500 type specimens. The
mammalogy collection contains approximately 36,000 specimens and 180
holotypes. Timothy Conrad,
Edward Drinker Cope,
Richard Harlan,
John Edwards Holbrook,
Henry Charles Lea,
Isaac Lea,
Joseph Leidy, Samuel G. Morton, and
Thomas Say are among the naturalists and scientists associated with these collections.
Patrick Center for Environmental Research
The Patrick Center, formerly the
Limnology Department, is an unusual operation to have in a natural history institution. Rather than concentrating on biological systematics, anthropology, archaeology, or geology, the Patrick Center for Environmental Research concerns itself with
applied ecology. Founded in 1947 by
Ruth Patrick, formerly of the
Diatom Herbarium, it was one of the earliest environmental consulting concerns in the United States. However, its genesis within the Academy has had its consequences. It was also the first to employ
interdisciplinary teams of scientists to study
freshwater systems and the first to regard
biodiversity as a central criterion of
water quality.
One of its first undertakings, the 1948 biological survey of the Conestoga River Basin in Pennsylvania, is regarded as a milestone in
environmental research. Similar surveys and other studies were subsequently conducted throughout much of the United States. Characteristically, these earlier projects resulted from a partnership of the Patrick Center (then the Limnology Department) with private industry. However, with the rise of the
environmental movement in the 1960s and 1970s and the resulting increases in
governmental regulation of
water pollution, the environmental assessments pioneered at the Academy are increasingly being conducted by private
environmental consulting firms.
Much of the current research at the Patrick Center is conducted in partnership with regulatory agencies and other governmental bodies. These studies can encompass fields as diverse as diatom autecology,
environmental chemistry and
toxicology,
habitat restoration, long-term environmental trends, species conservation, and
watershed management. Some of the work, such as recent studies on the
ecological effects of small dams or the ecological benefits of
riparian reforestation, employ most of the center's expertise and capabilities, while other studies may involve only one or a couple of the research programs.
An example of the latter is a current project sampling
sediment cores in
tidal marshes throughout the
Delaware Estuary. This undertaking, possibly the most comprehensive core sampling in any estuary, relies extensively on the center's expertise in [Biogeochemistry|biogeochemistry]] and
phycology. Once the sampling is completed, scientist will be able to investigate historical trends in marsh development,
carbon,
nitrogen and
phosphorus cycling,
water pollution, salinity variations, and
climatic change by analyzing the core's sediments, chemistry, and diatom assemblages.
Biogeochemistry
The
Biogeochemistry Section of the Patrick Center is concerned with the influence of aquatic organisms on the sources, fate and transport of
chemicals in aquatic systems. Studies frequently deal with the carbon and nutrient cycling as well as those of
trace elements (for example, lead, copper, mercury, and zinc) and organic contaminants such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and [[
Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon|polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]]. The section regularly provides water, sediment and tissue analyses for government, intergovernmental agencies, and private companies from around the country. In addition to the sediment core project mentioned above, it has recently studied the effects of small dams on sediment contaminants, photochemical transformation of marsh-derived
dissolved organic matter, and sedimentation and
eutrophication in
salt marshes.
Ecological Modeling
The
Ecological Modeling Section employs sophisticated and rigorous mathematical modeling techniques to address a variety of questions in basic and applied research. Examples include
watershed-scale modeling and
risk assessment; nonlinear
population models structured by age, body size, or space; particle transport in
turbulent aquatic systems; and the ecology and control of
exotic invasive plants in urban parks.
Fisheries
The Fisheries Section of the Patrick Center conducts research into the ecology,
conservation, and
management of
lotic and
estuarine fishes. Studies may range from the analysis of fish tissues for contaminants, monitoring fish populations for environmental assessments, to investigating the life histories of individual species. Recent and ongoing work include, glass eel (the larvae of freshwater or
American eels) recruitment in the Delaware River basin, the ecology and genetics of bridal shiner (a fish that's endangered in Pennsylvania), and the impacts of flow management (
dam releases) in the Upper
Delaware River to native and
introduced fish populations.
Macroinvertebrates
Benthic macroinvertebrates (primarily
aquatic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks) are useful for biological monitoring programs. Their varied life spans, ranging from weeks to years, are long enough to reveal intermittent and continuous pollutants, yet short enough respond to worsening or improving water quality. The Macroinvertebrate Section at the Patrick Center has extensive experience in bioassessment, biomonitoring, and inventorying of freshwater habitats throughout the United States.
Phycology
Because of their great diversity and specific ecological requirements,
algae, particularly
diatoms, make excellent
indicators of water quality. Moreover, diatoms are readily preserved in sediments, which make them ideal organisms for studying
paleolimnology (the long-term trends of streams and lakes). Because of their expertise and their close working relationship with the Academy's
Diatom Herbarium, the
Phycology Section of the Patrick Center is able to provide algal analyses for governmental and other agencies interested in both assessing
water quality and long-term environmental trends. One such undertaking is the analyses of diatom assemblages in lake sediments (
sediment cores) throughout the eastern United States. This work, part of a large project managed by the
EPA, will try to establish reference (pre-
anthropogenic) conditions for lakes throughout the country.
In addition to these research efforts, the Phycology Section of the Patrick Center has developed a set of
online resources for using algae in environmental research. These include an algal image database, autecology datasets for freshwater algae, algae research with the
USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, and a diatom paleolimnology database.
Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Ecology
For most of its history, biological
taxonomy and
systematics were conducted using
comparative morphology. In recent decades, however, advances in
molecular biology and computational technologies have opened
new possibilities for studying the diversity and history of life through the use of
cladistics and
computational phylogenetics. These technologies also offer new opportunities for
molecular ecology and
conservation genetics.
Academy scientists have been early adapters of
molecular biology techniques.
Allozymes,
DNA-DNA hybridization,
immunoelectrophoresis, restriction site analyses of mitochondrial DNA and
serology were used extensively since the late 1960s. Recent molecular work mainly employs
DNA sequencing,
microsatellites, and AFLP (
amplified fragment length polymorphism). In 2004, the Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Ecology (LMSE) was formed as a shared, multi-user facility to improve access to and provide training for the use of molecular data in systematic and ecological research. In addition to supporting staff, the lab offers research opportunities for students and post-doctoral fellowships.
Asia Center
The Asia Center is a new initiative to develop programs and partnerships for research and capacity building throughout Asia. Clyde Goulden is the director of the Asia Center. It's modeled on a series of successful programs conducted in Mongolia since 1995 under the auspices of the Academy's Institute for Mongolian Biodiversity and Ecological Studies (IMBES). The main activities of IMBES occur in the vicinity of Lake Hovsgol in northern Mongolia, but a separate program, the Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey, extends to other parts of the country.
Hovsgol
The Academy's work in
Mongolia started with the realization of the unique research opportunities available at
Lake Hovsgol (Hovsgol Nuur). This large lake and its watershed were remarkably pristine and relatively unknown, especially in comparison to its sister lake in Russia,
Lake Baikal. In 1995, a multidisciplinary team of scientists from the Academy, as well as from other American institutions, Mongolia, Russia, and Japan started a multi-year study of the lake's
biodiversity,
limnology, and watershed.
Although this research was scientifically rewarding, it was apparent that issues concerning environmental protection and
sustainable economic development needed addressing. Consequently, work at Hovsgol shifted to
ecosystem studies and
capacity building. One early undertaking was the enhancement of the operational and physical infrastructure at Hovsgol National Park . Long-term ecological monitoring of several
tributary watersheds began in 1997 and soon the site would be adopted into the
Long Term Ecological Research Network.
Recent work at Hovsgol is focusing on the consequences of and sustainable responses to
climate change. The region lies in a transitional zone between the
semi-arid Eurasian
Steppe (grasslands) to the south and the Eurasian
Taiga (boreal forest) to the north. As such, it's an ideal mid-continental site at which to monitor the ecological effects of climate change. In addition, changes in livestock herding practices raise concerns about
overgrazing and
desertification. In response, the team at Hovsgol created and distributed a
Herder Handbook and continues to conduct research and work with nomadic herders to develop sustainable practices.
Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey
The is a multi-year
biodiversity survey,
environmental monitoring and
capacity building project managed by Jon Gelhaus of the Academy's
Entomology Department. A total of 217 sites from the Selenge River Basin, the most populous and most extensive drainage in Mongolia, were surveyed from 2003 to 2006. Most of these sites are in rivers or streams, but some are in freshwater and saltwater lakes, hot and cold springs, and marsh wetlands. Additional sites from the remote drainage systems in western Mongolia will be sampled in 2008.
The survey has yielded numerous new species and hundreds of geographic records for known
aquatic insects, provided an extensive dataset for ongoing environmental monitoring, and has helped develop research and technical infrastructures in Mongolia. This capacity building includes, in collaboration with the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, the building of the first research laboratory in Mongolia dedicated to the study of aquatic invertebrates. It also includes training of Mongolian scientists and students.
Ewell Sale Stewart Library
The Library and Archives were established at the Academy's founding meeting in 1812 with the express purpose of supporting its natural science research. The library currently provides a variety of services to Academy staff, visiting scientists and scholars, and others by utilizing the Library and Archives collections, providing imaging services, sharing resources with other libraries, and accessing information available electronically.
The library is notable for the historical depth of its collections. It currently houses nearly 200,000 volumes ranging from works published in the 16th century to current journals and books. Its holdings also include numerous illustrated works from as early as the 15th century, including
Konrad Gessner's Historia animalium,
Maria Sibylla Merian's Insects of Surinam,
Edward Lear's Psittacidae or Parrots, and a double elephant folio of
John James Audubon's The Birds of America.
The
Archives is comprised not only of administrative records and official Academy documents, but also an abundance of scientific and personal unpublished materials derived from the collections of scientists and others associated with the Academy. It houses a wide diversity of media including manuscripts, correspondence, field notebooks, personal diaries, and many photographic formats. The Archives also houses an important portrait collection and more than 8000 original works of art on paper.
Scientific Publications
The
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences was the first peer-reviewed publication in the United Stated devoted to the natural sciences. The first volume was published in 1817. By 1842, it had been superseded by the
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. The
Proceedings have been published continuously since 1841. The
Journal was reborn in 1847 as a larger-format publication that could accommodate longer articles and
monographs. The last volume was issued in 1918.
The Academy publishes three other series. The occasional series
Notulae Naturae began in 1939 as a means to quickly publish short items, usually not longer than 16 pages on subject areas such as zoology, botany, ecology, geology and paleontology. The
Monographs series, which began in 1935, is composed principally of larger systematic reviews of selected taxonomic groups. The
Special Publications series, begun in 1922, includes works such as biography, taxonomy, historical reviews, and collections surveys.
VIREO
VIREO (VIsual REsource for
Ornithology) is the most comprehensive collection of bird
images in the world. Started in 1979, the collection contains over 140,000 photographs representing more than 7,000 species. The collection contains work by some of the world's most talented photographers. VIREO licenses bird images for a wide variety of commercial and non-profit uses.
Exhibits and Public Programs
Public Exhibits
The Academy first opened its collections to the public in 1828. The popularity of its exhibits soared in 1868 with the debut of the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton,
Hadrosaurus. In fact, the size of the crowds flocking to this display prompted the Academy to relocate to its present-and roomier-location in 1876.
Collections and the Public
As with most museums in the 19th century, there was little separation of the Academy's collections, which were vital to scientific work, and the public spaces. Not only did this subject the collections to extra wear and tear, but visitors were typically confronted with a bewildering assemblage of specimens with little in the way of supplemental information. Over time, however, museums such as the Academy started to showcase their more popular specimens while sequestering the bulk of the collections. In addition, they spent more effort interpreting their public displays. Museums started to play a more active role in educating the public.
The Academy's vast biological collections are used to supplement the museum's displays though they're not regularly open to the public. The public can access these collections by scheduling a "Behind the Scenes" tour.
Dioramas
One expression of this transformation was the rise of that icon of natural history museums, the
diorama. These three-dimensional displays were the virtual reality of their time, providing generations of museum visitors with their only opportunity to experience distant places and exotic wildlife. By presenting the wilderness to the public, dioramas nurtured an appreciation of our natural heritage, which, in turn, contributed to the growth of the
Conservation Movement in the United States. The Academy currently has 37 dioramas, most of which were installed in the 1930s and 1940s. They feature a variety of animals from Africa, Asia, and North America. Some of these, such as the
caribou,
lion, and
plains zebra are familiar and relatively common, but others, such as the
desert bighorn,
kiang,
Kodiak bear,
panda, and
passenger pigeon, are threatened,
endangered, or
extinct.
Dinosaurs
Another icon of natural history museums is the
dinosaur skeleton. The first of these, the
Hadrosaurus mount created by noted natural history artist
Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, made its debut at the Academy in 1868.
Hadrosaurus mounts also found their way into other public venues, including the Royal Scottish Museum, the Smithsonian, and the
1876 American Centennial Exposition. A skeletal mount of a related dinosaur,
Corythosaurus, served as the centerpiece of the Academy's "Hall of Earth History" during the middle of the 20th century. In 1986, the Academy opened a new exhibit, "Discovering Dinosaurs." This was the first large-scale exhibit to incorporate the findings of the "
dinosaur renaissance." Instead of cold-blooded and lumbering reptiles, dinosaurs were conceived as active-and possibly warm-blooded-animals more akin to birds than lizards.
Other Exhibits
In 1979, the Academy opened "Outside-In," a hands-on children's nature museum. In 1995, it pioneered the hands-on simulation of a dinosaur dig, with its "The Big Dig." Other permanent exhibits include "Butterflies!," a live butterfly zoo, and "Science at the Academy," which showcases current Academy research.
The museum also has special, changing exhibits. Recent changing exhibits include "Amazon Voyage: Vicious Fishes and Other Riches," "Frogs: a Chorus of Colors", "The Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Exhibition," and "The Scoop on Poop: The Science of What Animals Leave Behind."
Public Programs
Programs for Adults
The Academy began offering lectures to the public as early as the 1820s. The current public lectures series,
Town Square was launched in 2004 with guest speaker
Jane Goodall. Town Square offers a range of lectures, panel discussions, workshops, and forums covering subjects ranging from evolution to global warming. Monthly Urban Sustainability Forums, co-produced with
Sustainable Philadelphia, explore global and local environmental issues from a regional perspective.
Academy scientists and guest speakers also speak during some of the Academy's "Wild Weekends," thematic programs held on selected weekends throughout the year. Another program oriented to adults (and some older children) are the "Behind-the-Scenes Tours." These guided tours take participants behind the museum walls to see the Academy's collections and laboratories.
Programs for Children
Since its Nature Club in the 1930s, the Academy has offered programming just for children. Several programs appropriate for different age groups are currently offered. Safari Overnight sleepovers (camp-ins) are held on selected weekends during Fall, Winter, and Spring.
Boy Scouts and
Girl Scouts can participate in day workshops and sleepovers to fulfill badge and pin requirements. Tiny Tot Explorers is a program for toddlers.
"Wild Weekends," held on selected weekends throughout the year, offer a variety of children's programs, including hands-on exploration of museum specimens, crafts and live animal shows with mammals, birds and reptiles. Live animal shows are also presented at regular times on other days and featured prominently in the educational programs.
Educational Programs
Field Trips and Outreach
Field Trips to the Academy are available throughout the year for schools, summer camps and other groups. Optional directed programs include Discovery Lessons for younger age groups (pre-K and higher) and Science Explorers for older children (grades 7 through 9). "Academy on the Go" is an educational outreach program that visits schools, camps, and community centers.
Women in Natural Sciences
WINS (Women in Natural Sciences) is an innovative and successful science enrichment program conducted by The Academy of Natural Sciences in collaboration with the School District of Philadelphia. Since its founding in 1982, WINS has been providing female public school students with hands-on science classes, scientific literacy and skill-building activities, and opportunities for personal growth in a uniquely nurturing setting.
Other Programs
The Academy offers two to four
Home School programs throughout the year. The George Washington Carver Science Fair is held in February or March.
Science fair participants are eligible for the George Washington Carver Scholars summer program, which is also held at the Academy. Educator workshops are held throughout the year. The most recent series covered the integration of science and literacy skills. Self-guided workbooks tailored for younger children are available for some of the museum exhibits.
Awards & Research Opportunities
Hayden Memorial Geological Award
The Hayden Award is given to prominent scientists working in geology or paleontology. It was established in 1888 in memory of
Ferdinand V. Hayden, a distinguished American geologist and pioneering surveyor of the American West who had extensive ties to the Academy. Past recipients include
Edward D. Cope,
Charles D. Walcott,
William B. Scott,
George Gaylord Simpson, and
John Ostrom. It was most recently awarded to Edward B. (Ted) Daeschler for his work on the early evolution of tetrapods.
Gold Medal for Distinction in Natural History Art
Established in 1980, the Gold Medal for Distinction in Natural History Art is awarded to people whose artistic endeavors and life's work have contributed to our understanding and appreciation of living things. It was established in 1980. Recipients include
Ansel Adams,
BBC Natural History Unit,
Peter Matthiessen,
Roger Tory Peterson, and Ray Troll.
Richard Hopper Day Memorial Medal
The Richard Hopper Day Memorial Medal, established in 1960, is awarded in recognition of outstanding contributions in interpreting the natural sciences to the public. Past recipients include
Louis Leakey,
David Attenborough,
Lewis Thomas, Robert M. Peck, and
Thomas Lovejoy.
Joseph Leidy Award
The Joseph Leidy Award honors research in the natural sciences. It was established in 1923 as a tribute to the many contributions and long association of
Joseph Leidy with the Academy. Past recipients include
Henry Pilsbry,
Ernst Mayr,
G. Evelyn Hutchinson,
Edward O. Wilson, and David Janzen.
Endowments and Fellowships
The
Böhlke Memorial Endowment Fund honors the memory of James E. Böhlke and Eugenia B. Böhlke who were prominent ichthyologists at the Academy. This fund provides support for graduate students and recent postdoctoral researchers to work with the Ichthyology Collection and the Academy's Library.
The
John J. & Anna H. Gallagher Fellowship provides a unique opportunity for original, multi-year, postdoctoral or sabbatical research on the systematics of microscopic invertebrates, especially Rotifera. The research focus must be on systematics and may employ ecological, behavioral, physiological, molecular or developmental tools.
Jessup and McHenry Awards are competitively awarded to students wishing to conduct studies at the postgraduate, doctoral and postdoctoral levels under the supervision or sponsorship of a member of the curatorial staff of the Academy. The Jessup Award is given for any specialty in which our curators have expertise. The McHenry Fund is restricted to botanists.
The
Eckelberry Endowment helps support the efforts of wildlife painters, sculptors, printmakers, and other artists to better acquaint themselves with the natural world through both museum and field research. In addition, artistic and scientific mentors counsel and assist these artists as their careers develop. One grant will be given each year.
Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU), a program of the
National Science Foundation, provides summer research experience for students attending colleges and universities. Each summer the Academy offers 5-10 separate research projects which can include collections, field, imaging and/or lab work. The projects vary but typically include environmental, library collections, and/or systematics research.
Footnotes
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